medical simulator

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There is an exchange of students between Shonan University and Hong Kong City University, and there are also people in the Department of Orthopedics.

After talking for a while, everyone's smiles slowly converged, but when the time came, there was not much scene talk, but Lei Zhong said: "It's almost time, Xiao Zhou, you can start your defense."

Lei Zhong's voice was closed.

Zhang Xingze, Zhang Lei, and Yan Xuedong, who were still smiling before, immediately turned pale, as if someone owed them 5000 million, and they began to look squarely.

Face to face, he directly turned Zhou Cheng's neatly arranged papers and turned them over, as if looking at pediatrics. He looked at Zhou Cheng with burning eyes, which brought a lot of psychological pressure to Zhou Cheng.

Zhou Cheng took a deep breath, pressed the title page of the PPT, and remembered Gui Yuanping's confession in his heart. He said in a slow and orderly manner: "I'm very glad, teachers, that there are still so many seniors, classmates, and seniors who are able to come here. To today's defense meeting."

"The defense topic I will bring today is the study of the mechanism of HK2 in the growth, proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma."

"I will introduce the subject I have done from the following aspects, first of all, the background, our subject idea, purpose, experimental method, experimental result, conclusion..."

Zhou Cheng has long been familiar with this thesis, and his memory has increased a lot now, so after starting to enter the topic, Zhou Cheng also naturally entered it.

This realm, which has hundreds of perfect level skills, began to talk freely.

PPT, Zhou Cheng has made corrections, so in terms of background, he will speak in more detail, and after so many simulations in the simulator world, the support of the perfect level.

Even though Zhou Cheng has never been to the Department of Bone Oncology, he is familiar with the relevant data. For every sentence, he can find the current supporting literature on the PPT, and the literature is not random, they are all the latest high-scoring articles , to be referenced.

"In view of the fact that the current treatment of osteosarcoma has not been standardized, and the treatment of osteosarcoma has been at a plateau for more than half a century. Therefore, this research group, after..."

Chapter 275 Can't hold it anymore!

The defense has a process. The first step is that the graduates are responsible for explaining and introducing the topic and content of their defense. During this process, the audience is silent.

No one will bother you to explain your subject at this time point, but it is very likely that at this time, the mistakes you make will be recorded in a small notebook.

Zhou Cheng spoke slowly, and at the same time he marked all the lines that he deliberately buried in the process.In fact, calculations have been made in advance.

"..."

"In view of the previous research of our research group and the objective data in the course of this research, we have carefully deduced the following results."

"HK2 does promote the growth, proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells to a certain extent both in vivo and in vitro. After inactivating HK2, to a certain extent, it will also have a certain effect on the growth, proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells." negative effects."

"This is the end of my introduction, thank you teachers for listening."

Time passed slowly, and Zhou Cheng finally finished introducing his subject in about half an hour.

However, this is not the end, but just the beginning of the defense.

After Zhou Cheng finished speaking, the audience was still silent.

Defense defense, there must be questions and answers, this is the defense process.My simple introduction only entered the critical stage of the defense link.

The defense committee members in the defense seat will ask questions one by one, maybe only one question, but generally at least one question, this cannot be escaped.

After Zhou Cheng finished speaking, he noticed that Cai Dongfan was beside him, his eyes flickered, and he began to get nervous.

He glanced at the several people sitting there, including Gui Yuanping, who were writing and drawing in their notebooks, as if they were preparing for their own problems and making a "fatal blow".

In fact, according to the real defense process, if the respondent could not solve the problem, Cai Dongfan had to fight with the others.

But Cai Dongfan?

Zhou Cheng saw that An Ruo was sitting there in an orderly manner, and then both Lao Zhou and Lao Xiang felt very happy and gave themselves a thumbs up as a sign of encouragement.

I told you before that during this process, don't applaud. When you see other people applauding, applaud again.

That is the part of thanking the defense judges.

Yang Yifeng had already sat down, with a smile on his face, he didn't know if he was teasing the girl next to him, but he didn't even look in Zhou Cheng's direction.

Du Yanjun, an iron tool man.

After giving Zhou Cheng a slight pause for a minute, Lei Zhong said very formally: "Dear chairman of the defense, and all the defense judges, according to the defense process stipulated by our school, now Zhou Cheng, a student of our school, has completed his own defense project. the introductory part."

"Next, I would like to ask all the defense committee members to give corresponding guidance based on Zhou Cheng's defense explanation. Please ask the defense chairman to arrange the order of the guidance."

Lei Zhong said it very politely, but he also knew that this time the defense was very formal, and he would never let Zhou Cheng and Gui Yuanping go because of their relationship with Zeng Diwei.

Gui Yuanping was the first to bear the brunt, and sorted out his notebook, which recorded numerous questions, raised his head with a serious expression, and could not tell at all that he was Teacher Zhou Cheng.

Toured around: "The respondent has completed his project introduction, let's start to follow the process, I will start and I will put forward some of my opinions based on the completion of the respondent's project."

"This defense process is in the form of question and answer, so."

"During the course of the defense, the respondent is not allowed to leave the venue."

"You can also apply for 1 minute to 3 minutes to sort out your thoughts." Gui Yuanping said seriously to Zhou Cheng.

Zhou Cheng smiled and nodded: "Thank you teacher."

Then he continued to close his eyes and meditate for half a minute before saying, "Teachers, I'm ready."

Gui Yuanping went straight to the point without hesitation: "Student, according to your previous introduction, HK2 belongs to the first entry pathway of glycolysis, and this step is the first pathway for glucose to complete glycolysis."

"Then, have you ever considered that when you design this subject pathway, after HK2 is silenced, it will affect the survival of normal tissues?"

"Currently, most of the anti-tumor drugs in clinical practice are more lethal to normal cells. Will your impact be greater?"

Gui Yuanping was really ruthless, and directly killed the first pathway molecule that appeared in Zhou Cheng's project!

If Zhou Cheng couldn't give a more perfect explanation for this question, this defense would be a pure farce!

If you continue to study the access without any practical significance, it will be a waste of money!no need.

Zhou Cheng had thought about this question, but he never thought that Gui Yuanping would be the first to ask this question!

Taking a deep breath, Zhou Cheng said: "Teacher, this research group has considered your question in detail, and also checked relevant literature."

"So far, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic head cancer and other tumor cells have confirmed the role of HK2 in related tumors. This is a question of the credibility of the source of this pathway."

"Secondly, I mentioned it in the review, including my introduction in the background. In the current related research, there has been a precedent for the complete knockout of HK2, and the living animals still survived normally. This represents the targeted knockout After the addition of HK2, it will not affect the safety of normal cell activity and tissue activity on a large scale."

"Third, according to the in vivo experiments conducted by our research group, knocking out the HK2 pathway of osteosarcoma did not cause adverse damage to tissues such as liver and kidney in living mouse cells. This part, during my experiment, There is also a corresponding detailed description."

"Therefore, HK2 as...is reasonable, and it also has a certain degree of safety and reliability. Of course, this research group has not conducted corresponding experiments on human bodies, and there is no previous research. test."

"Considering the species variation between animals and humans, it is not ruled out that there may be the situation you mentioned, this is what this research group will conduct in-depth research in the future."

"Thank you teacher." Zhou Cheng replied with a smile.

Humans are different from animals.

However, both humans and animals have glycolysis pathways, both of which are HK2. After knocking out, animals can completely survive. This is the existence of past, recognized, and repeated experiments.

Our project is only to prove the influence of HK2 on osteosarcoma cells and in vivo experiments. This issue has not been studied in depth yet.

Naturally, this issue is not within the scope of consideration for the time being.

Gui Yuanping was also writing and drawing while Yang Yifeng was recording something very formally.

Moreover, Zhou Cheng also saw that Zhang Xingze and the others seemed to have scratched something away, maybe this question had already been listed in the questions they were about to ask.

Before Gui Yuanping finished asking, he asked a second question.

"According to the description of your project, HK2 is a broad-spectrum target, and its antagonists have a wide range of lethality. How did you avoid this problem in the animal experiments?"

"In more detail, did you simply use the HK2 silencer to treat sarcoma cells, then inject them into animals, and simply observe the growth of osteosarcoma?"

"You didn't give a more detailed description in your thesis." Gui Yuanping's face was stern, and he couldn't see any intention of protecting the calf.

This question is very detailed. If Zhou Cheng hadn't mixed up in the laboratory, it is estimated that his mother would not even know this shot.

"Thank you teacher for asking." Zhou Cheng pursed his lips after hearing the words.

After thinking for ten seconds, he replied: "This experimental group, the goal of this project is to confirm the influence of HK2 on the activity of osteosarcoma cells in osteosarcoma cells."

"Therefore, the osteosarcoma cells were directly treated with the silencer, and the effect of the growth activity of the osteosarcoma cells was observed in vivo. The results were objective and impressive."

"As for the route of administration you raised, Mr. Gui, this should be a task in the next step of the animal experiment research project, which belongs to the study of the killing effect and killing range of HK2 antagonists on normal tumors in vivo."

"Because, when our research group conducted this experiment, they did not know the specific role of HK2 in osteosarcoma cells. Therefore, directly considering the route of administration is a rootless tree."

"If this step is directly considered, the stride will be too large and a certain degree of resources will be wasted. Therefore, based on prudent considerations, this step has not been achieved."

"But after the experiment is over, we are already discussing this issue. From my review, it can be seen that our research group is searching for the corresponding and most reasonable way to deal with it. Thank you, teacher."

Reply Reply.

Answering without arguing, I didn’t know about this situation before. If you find out the loopholes in my process, I will tell you about the process problem. This step is too advanced. If you do it in advance, it will only waste time, experience and funds.

This is not desirable.

You can't say that even immortals don't exist, so you have to go to cultivate immortals.

Too advanced, jumping movements, easy to pull the egg.

This requires an in-depth understanding and understanding of the topic in order to be able to make up for this loophole.

Gui Yuanping didn't say that this answer was unreliable, but just continued to ask.

"The third question is that HK2 can do it. Why don't you consider making it a more downstream and safer LDH?" Gui Yuanping asked.

As the saying goes, it is okay to kill, but not to punish one's heart.

In fact, the reason for studying HK2 is because others have been researched by others!

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)-related factors are safer. Only cells undergoing glycolysis will have such things. Tumor cells are super-reproductive cells...

Energy cannot be replaced in the process of reproduction, and everything needs to rely on energy.

Zhou Cheng breathed a sigh of relief. Although the matter was like this, he definitely couldn't answer that way. If he answered that way, he would be beaten to death.

Zhou Cheng said: "According to the process of glycolysis, we will find that there are many other influencing factors and bypass pathways between the HK2 and LDH pathways."

"In fact, according to the data inquired by our research group, the energy source of osteosarcoma cells, or most cells, is not complete glycolysis, but the accumulation of a small amount of GDP generated during glycolysis. "

"Moreover, osteosarcoma cells have fibroblast-like commonality, and some osteosarcoma cells will rupture and die, providing intermediate products for active osteosarcoma cells."

"If it only targets LDH, then a large number of intermediate products will provide a large amount of nutrient base for the surviving osteosarcoma cells, and then pass through the bypass pathway to digest without aerobic oxidation and provide energy..."

(I can’t talk about it in the follow-up. If you are interested, you can check the relevant literature.)

……

Glycolysis has many steps.

HK2 is the first step and LDH is the last step.

The intermediate product can also become one of the culprits, so I will directly kill the source. This principle is easy to understand. Naturally, Zhou Cheng has also worked hard on this subject.

Shoot people first, shoot horses, and capture thieves first.

"Therefore, this research group set out to solve this problem at the source, for the sake of prudence."

"Energy is the basis of all movement and the root of life activities."

"Thank you, teacher." Zhou Cheng continued to bow his head in thanks without saying anything more.

Gui Yuanping spread out his notebook slightly, and silently put down his pen.His three sharp spearheads were all solved by Zhou Cheng, any more would be to make things difficult on purpose.

Then he smiled and said, "Professor Zeng, I have finished asking my questions. I think this topic is quite good. What do you think?"

Zeng Diwei is also an old acquaintance of Zhou Cheng.

At this moment, he also pursed his throat, and smiled: "I don't have as many questions as Professor Gui. I only ask one question based on what you answered Zhou Cheng today."

"I see that the content in your review is very rich. But I remember that you yourself are not a specialist in orthopedics. Some of the constructive opinions you put forward in it are based on your own inferences based on relevant references. .”

"Or, did you learn from it?"

Zeng Diwei's question immediately raised everyone's ears, and some people who were not familiar with it hurriedly opened the review to take a look.

For example, Zhang Xingze, who was born in trauma surgery, has participated in countless defenses.

Summary, basically no one has paid attention to it.

However, as soon as he read it, Zhang Xingze frowned, and when he went to read it carefully, he immediately gasped...

Then, the immersion became irresistible.

Looking at it, it was almost ten minutes.

Zhang Xingze heard someone calling him.

"professor Zhang?"

"professor Zhang?"

Then Yan Xuedong, who was sitting next to Zhang Xingze, touched Zhang Xingze.